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羅馬皇帝(出版書)1-27章免費全文 全文無廣告免費閱讀 瑪莉·畢爾德/譯者:馮奕達

時間:2025-04-03 03:17 /都市情緣 / 編輯:皇甫嵩
主人公叫奧古斯,烏斯,羅馬的小說叫《羅馬皇帝(出版書)》,它的作者是瑪莉·畢爾德/譯者:馮奕達創作的現代美食、甜寵文、高幹類小說,書中主要講述了:談整惕羅馬皇帝相關的書目,乃至於個別皇帝及其家人的生平的資料,皆可謂&#...

羅馬皇帝(出版書)

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《羅馬皇帝(出版書)》第22部分

談整羅馬皇帝相關的書目,乃至於個別皇帝及其家人的生平的資料,皆可謂牛充棟。下列延閱讀必得有所揀選。之所以列出這些文獻,首先是為了替主題提供一些整背景相關的閱讀資料,並指出如何松取得我論述所基的古代證據。接下來,我會按照章節順序,提供建議專書及文章,一來這些都是我在過程中覺得特別有用的資料,二來則是希望能幫助讀者一步探索書內討論到的題目。我試著詳列史實與論據的精確出處,並點出學界爭議焦點或關鍵的專業研究,由此,得以從我的說法出發,運用權威的參考書目和有效率的搜尋引擎,找出這些資料。每一段的最,我會著重在幾個對公眾開放的重要考古遺址,以及相關博物館館藏。

通論

General

我所參考的古代文獻,幾乎都有今譯本。Loeb Classical Library (Harvard UP)囊括主流文人與許多小眾的作品,提供希臘文或拉丁文原典,以及英譯文對照。系列作也是可靠的英譯本(雖然選錄內容稍微有限,也沒有原文,但經費上相對負擔得起)。多數文字在網路上為共享資源。LacusCurtius ([domain] Digital Library ([domain] Library部分早期版本。下面數個段落,我會出幾個不在上述範圍內的譯本,或是特別好的版本。至於正文中的英譯,若下面未提及出處,則是我自行翻譯的。

切記:徵引少數重要古代文人的作品時,現代有幾種不同的編目方式,容易混淆。其是Cassius Dio的Roman History(以下多半簡稱為‘Cassius Dio’)的最幾冊(因為其內容如今只存在代文人的摘錄與摘要中),以及Fronto的Letters。我不希望接下來的內容因為各種編目方式而顯得零,因此我只使用一種方式,也會盡可能告訴讀者,近年來有哪些選集可以找到他們的譯文(其是Fronto)。即如此,要找到特定的文獻,偶爾還是需要一點堅持!

有些以皇帝統治為題的主要古代文獻,相關討論很容易找到。對塔西陀不熟悉的人,Rhiannon Ash, Tacitus (Bristol Classical Press, 2006)是很好的起點。Tacitus (Oxford Readings in Classical Studies), edited by Ash (Oxford UP, 2012)是近年來相關批判研究的好用匯編。Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Suetonius: The Scholar and his Caesars (2nd ed., Bristol Classical Press, 1998; originally published 1983)是現代對蘇埃託尼烏斯研究的基礎,近年則有Suetonius the Biographer: Studies in Roman Lives, edited by Tristan Power and Roy K. Gibson (Oxford UP, 2014)。Fergus Millar, A Study of Cassius Dio (Oxford UP, 1964)則是今人瞭解狄歐的基礎,近期還有Emperors and Political Culture in Cassius Dio’s Roman History, edited by Caillan Davenport and Christopher Mallan (Oxford UP, 2021)。關於Imperial History,見〈序幕〉。

我也參考了許多銘文和莎草紙文獻。要找到這類史料難度更高,通常都是以大部頭彙編形式出版。其中份量最驚人的是Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum,彙編工作從十九世紀起至今,收錄了數以萬計的拉丁銘文。即是可以用搜尋功能的線上版([domain]/, in German and English),也還是會令人卻步。許多提到皇帝的文獻是以古希臘文寫成的,古希臘銘文也有類似的彙編,A. E Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge UP, 2012) 327–448詳說明了拉丁銘文是在哪些地點,以及何種方式發表的謎團。莎草紙也很棘手,有許多書籍收錄了出土地點不一、現代館藏地點不同的文獻。Papyri.info ([domain]: Oxyrhyncus Online ([domain]/)對使用者比較友善的內容,是今藏於牛津大學的莎草紙(我談到的其中一些也在其中)。所幸還是有方的彙編,按照特定主題或斷代,把銘文與/或莎草紙蒐集起來,通常附有譯文。接下來的段落,只要是重要的範例,我會盡量(很難全部)告訴讀者可以到哪裡搜尋。

公元四十四年至公元二三五年間的整歷史,足見很多優秀的大範圍分析研究,像是Martin Goodman, The Roman World 44 BC – AD 180 (2nd ed., Routledge, 2011),Clifford Ando, Imperial Rome, AD 193 – 284 (Edinburgh UP, 2012)的半部,David Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395 (2nd ed., Routledge, 2013)與Michael Kulikowski, Imperial Triumph: The Roman World from Hadrian to Constantine (Profile, 2016)。節可見Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge UP)相應冊數(10–12)。Christopher Kelly, The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford UP, 2006); Greg Woolf, Rome: An Empire’s Story (1st ed., Oxford UP, 2013; 2nd ed., 2021)以及Peter Garnsey and Richard Saller, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture (2nd ed., Bloomsbury, 2014)同樣有許多我覺得很受用,有時甚至大開眼界的討論。多數通史討論利烏斯.西澤時,大多會把他置於共和制的脈絡,而非一人統治時期。David Potter, The Origin of Empire: Rome from the Republic to Hadrian, 264 BC – AD 138 (Profile, 2021)是別出心裁的例外。

Fergus Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (31 BC – AD 337) (1st ed., 1977; 2nd ed. Bristol Classical Press, 1992)是羅馬皇帝研究的轉折點。此,這個主題的大多數研究無非就是在跟Millar的煌煌鉅作對話。Keith Hopkins對Millar的評論收錄在Journal of Roman Studies 68 (1978), 178–86,是非常關鍵的響應;Olivier Hekster, Caesar Rules: The Emperor in the Changing Roman World (c.50 BC – AD 565) (Cambridge UP, 2023)則是整本書都在跟Millar對話(此書出版時,我已完成本書的正文)。關於朝廷內與宮廷文化中的皇帝,近年來重要研究不斷出爐。我從Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, ‘The Imperial Court’, in the Cambridge Ancient History vol. 10 (2nd ed., Cambridge UP, 1996), 283–308; Aloys Winterling, Aula Caesaris (Oldenbourg,1999) (in German)與Jeremy Paterson, ‘Friends in High Places’, in The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies, edited by A. J. S. Spawforth (Cambridge UP, 2007), 121–56得益甚豐。The Roman Emperor and his Court c. 30 BC – c. AD 300, two volumes, edited by Benjamin Kelly and Angela Hug (Cambridge UP, 2022)出版時,《羅馬皇帝》已經差不多完成了。第一冊收錄的論文據各種歷史主題,探討羅馬宮廷文化,而談到的古代文字、檔案與影像,則收錄在第二冊中。

過去幾十年來,個別皇帝或其家族的傳記,簡直就像是出版產業的其中一條生命線。我的寫法雖然與傳記大不相同,但我也不斷回頭參考其中的一些作品,例如Miriam T. Griffin, Nero: The End of a Dynasty (2nd ed., Routledge, 1987); Anthony R. Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor (Routledge, 1997)與Septimius Severus: The African Emperor (2nd ed., Routledge, 1999); Barbara M. Levick, Faustina I and II (Oxford UP, 2014),以及T. Corey Brennan, Sabina Augusta: An Imperial Journey (Oxford UP, 2018)。有些風格比較非傳統,但仍然以單一皇帝或皇室為軸心,例如Danny Danziger and Nicholas Purcell, Hadrian’s Empire: When Rome Ruled the World (Hodder and Stoughton, 2005)與Peter Stothard, Palatine: An Alternative History of the Caesars (Oxford UP, 2023),是談皇帝維特爾利烏斯一家。Tom Holland, Dynasty (Little, Brown, 2015)與Pax (Abacus, 2023)屬內容生的傳記類羅馬史,範圍也很廣,從一人統治之初描寫到公元二世紀中葉。

雖然在書裡,我刻意把比較研究減到最少,但我對於羅馬皇帝的分析,是以不同時代及地點的專制君主和專制制度為基礎的。對於宮廷文化有興趣的人,是無法略過Norbert Elias, The Court Society (originally written in the 1930s, first published in German in 1969, translated Blackwell, 1983)的。人對於Elias的響應,於我頗有影響,其是Jeroen Duindam所做的一系列研究,包括Myths of Power: Norbert Elias and the Early Modern European Court (Amsterdam UP, 2014)以及Dynasties: A Global History of Power (Cambridge UP, 2015);Hof und Theorie (B·hlau, 2004)是論文集,由Reinhardt Butz et al主編,有德文也有英文; Princely Courts of Europe, 1500–1700, edited by John Adamson (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999)有豐富的圖。Spawforth所編的The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies是古代宮廷的比較研究,羅馬也包括在內。中國與羅馬的皇帝及帝制比較研究,近年來成果頗豐。犖犖大者如Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires (Oxford UP, 2009)以及State Power in Ancient China and Rome (Oxford UP, 2015),兩本都是由Walter Scheidel主編。

Oxford Classical Dictionary, edited by Simon Hornblower et al. (4th ed., Oxford UP, 2012,線上版更新幅度很大)是羅馬世界人物、地點、作者與文字非常可靠的參照資料。

序幕

Prologue

詳述(或者說造)埃拉加巴盧斯殘忍、鋪張習慣的主要古代文獻,有Cassius Dio, Books 79–80; Herodian, History, Book 5;以及Imperial History裡的埃拉加巴盧斯傳。近年來有兩部作品中的埃拉加巴盧斯傳記值得一讀:Martijn Icks, The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome’s Decadent Boy Emperor (I. B. Tauris, 2011),對於這位皇帝的文化「建構」,以及當代藝術與小說中對他的刻劃,討論其精采;還有Harry Sidebottom, The Mad Emperor: Heliogabalus and the Decadence of Rome (Oneworld, 2022),其中認為可以接觸到其治世真實情況的想法,或許太自信了。Gottfried Mader, ‘History as Carnival, or Method and Madness in the Vita Heliogabali’, Classical Antiquity 24 (2005), 131–72對於Imperial History的埃拉加巴盧斯傳記有非常精闢的剖析。Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 BC – AD 337 (Harvard UP, 1993), 300–9清楚介紹了埃姆薩的政局與文化。

學界對於Imperial History (often abbreviated to ‘SHA’, Scriptores Historiae Augustae)的謎團已經爭辯超過一個世紀。Anthony Birley在Penguin Classics translation, Lives of the Later Caesars (Penguin, 1976)的導論中對此有清楚的回顧。Michael Kulikowski的傑出論文‘The Historia Augusta. Minimalism and the Adequacy of Evidence’, in Late Antique Studies in Memory of Alan Cameron, edited by W. V. Harris and Anne Hunnell Chen (Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, Brill, 2021), 23–40是最新的研究(也相對艱澀)。

這一章提到的內容,大部分在本書續章節裡都有更詳盡的討論。個別皇帝的好習慣與習慣,經常可以在Suetonius的Life或Imperial History的相應部分找到。以下是一些例外。西澤在賽場邊辦公的習慣,出現在繼任者的傳記中,Suetonius, Augustus 45。哈德良被女子攔住的軼事,出自Cassius Dio, 69, 6。奧古斯都對於「夜壺掉落案」完整答覆的譯文是以銘文形式儲存,Robert K. Sherk, Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (Cambridge UP, 1984), no. 103收錄其中;其它法律案件的節及脈絡,其討論見Serena Connolly, Lives behind the Laws: The World of the Codex Hermogenianus (Indiana UP, 2010)。

奧古斯都的笑話(有些是他女兒莉亞的笑話)收錄在Macrobius(約公元四〇〇年)Saturnalia第二冊。利安的戲謔劇作出現在許多書本里,像是The Caesars、Symposium或Saturnalia。婿耳曼尼庫斯演說的希臘文原文與譯文,出自James H. Oliver, Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors (American Philosophical Society, 1989), no. 295(但他的譯文漏了「乃乃」在家裡至為切的部分)。

所謂兩萬五千至五萬尊的理推測,出自Michael Pfanner, ‘über das Herstellen von Portr·ts’, Jahrbuch des Deutschen Arch·ologischen Instituts 104 (1989) 157–257 (esp. 178–9)。George C. Boon, ‘A Roman Pastrycook’s mould from Silchester’, Antiquaries’ Journal 38 (1958), 237–40探討有皇帝頭像的糕餅模。(Maria Letizia Gualandi and A. Pinelli, ‘Un trionfo per due’, in ‘Conosco un ottimo storico dell’arte …’, edited by Maria Monica Donato and Massimo Ferretti (Edizioni della Normale, 2012), 11–20雖然懷疑這類物品並非糕餅模,但提不出可能更高的選擇。)現存的耳環出自Karsten Dahmen, Untersuchungen zu Form und Funktion kleinformatiger Portr·ts der r·mischen Kaiserzeit (Scriptorium, 2001), no. Anhang 13, 18。「面子工程」是Clifford Ando, Imperial Rome, 28的講法。「劇目一樣,演員不同」(希臘文原文稍微冗一點)是馬可.奧裡略在Jottings to Himself 10, 27的看法,他說的「演員」也包括過去的希臘君主。

基督是Synesius,他開的笑出自氏著Letters 148, 16, translated as The Letters of Synesius of Cyrene, by A. Fitzgerald (Oxford UP, 1926)。

第一章

Chapter 1

Shadi Bartsch, Actors in the Audience: Theatricality and Doublespeak from Nero to Hadrian (Harvard UP, 1994), 148–87,以及by the essays in Pliny’s Praise: The Panegyricus in the Roman World, edited by Paul Roche (Cambridge UP, 2011)對於普林尼的Speech of Praise有極其到位的闡釋。F. R. D. Goodyear在Cambridge History of Latin Literature, edited by E. J. Kenney and W. V. Clausen (Cambridge UP, 1982), 660表達了反(「人皆恥之」)。Roy K. Gibson, Man of High Empire: The Life of Pliny the Younger (Oxford UP, 2020)是當代對普林尼生涯最好的概述。Michael Peachin, ‘Rome the Superpower: 96–235 CE’, in A Companion to the Roman Empire, edited by David S. Potter (Blackwell, 2006), 126–52同樣把普林尼的Speech of Praise(以及奧古斯都的What I Did)當成皇帝徵才條件與工作內容的敘述來探討。

羅馬帝國崛起、「專制傳」,以及利烏斯.西澤帶來的革,在我的SPQR (Profile, 2015)有更多討論。西澤的生涯、內戰表現以及遇有諸多研究,以下是很實用的起點:A Companion to Julius Caesar, edited by Miriam Griffin (Blackwell, 2009); Greg Woolf, Et Tu Brute: The Murder of Caesar and Political Assassination (Profile, 2006); T. P. Wiseman, Remembering the Roman People (Oxford UP, 2009) (chapter 10 on the assassination); Barry Strauss, The War that Made the Roman Empire: Antony, Cleopatra and Octavian at Actium (Simon and Schuster, 2022),以及Josiah Osgood, Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire (Cambridge UP, 2006)。

以奧古斯都「新政」為主題的研究甚至更多。關於他的治世,Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Augustan Rome (2nd ed., Bloomsbury, 2018)是很可靠的簡短概述。關於我討論的幾個主題,有幾部論文集分別從不同的角度出發探討,幫助很大:Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects, edited by Fergus Millar and Erich Segal (Oxford UP, 1984); The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus, edited by Karl Galinsky (Cambridge UP, 2005) ;Augustus, edited by Jonathan Edmondson (Edinburgh UP, 2009),集結了當時影響最大的幾篇論文,最則是The Alternative Augustan Age, edited by Josiah Osgood et al. (Oxford UP, 2019),戰了當代過度注重奧古斯都本人的情況。Fergus Millar對於奧古斯都時期的政局,寫過一系列著名論文,重新集結在他的論文集Rome, the Greek World and the East: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution, edited by Hannah M. Cotton and Guy M. Rogers (University of North Carolina Press, 2002)的第一冊。Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Civilis Princeps: Between Citizen and King’, Journal of Roman Studies 72 (1982), 32–48探討civilitas(為「吾輩之一員」)的重要概念。

關於Cassius Dio的阿格麗普庇娜與馬耶克納斯之辯(氏著Roman History, Book 52),討論見:Millar, A Study of Cassius Dio(見〈通論〉),102–18; J. W. Rich, ‘Dio on Augustus’, in History as Text: The Writing of Ancient History, edited by Averil Cameron (Duckworth, 1989), 86–110;以及Christopher Burden-Strevens, ‘The Agrippa-Maecenas Debate’, in Brill’s Companion to Cassius Dio, edited by Jesper Majbom Madsen and Andrew G. Scott (Brill, 2023), 371–405。關於What I Did,Alison E. Cooley, Res Gestae Divi Augusti: Text, Translation and Commentary (Cambridge UP, 2009)是最全面的介紹。Ja· Elsner, ‘Inventing imperium’, in Art and Text in Roman Culture, edited by Elsner (Cambridge UP, 1996), 32–53分析奧古斯都對於城內大型紀念建物的重視。Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (University of Michigan Press, 1988)的第十章,堪稱分析「復仇者」馬爾斯神廟,以及周邊「奧古斯都廣場」的新一代經典,這本書對於視覺藝術在一人統治之始的影響有廣泛的研究。Zanker的論文‘By the Emperor, for the People’, in The Emperor and Rome: Space, Representation and Ritual, edited by Bj·rn C. Ewald and Carlos F. Nore·a (Cambridge UP, Yale Classical Studies 35, 2010) 45–87探討皇帝在建築方面各種形式的「大手筆」。奧古斯都廣場雕像的安排規畫,是Joseph Geiger, The First Hall of Fame: A Study of the Statues of the Forum Augustum (Brill, 2008)探討的重點。

古今以羅馬的一人統治為題所寫的歷史,都是從皇帝與元老院關係切入。Richard J. A. Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton UP, 1987)探討元老院在皇帝統治下的制度。皇帝與元老關係的致討論,可見Keith Hopkins, Death and Renewal (Cambridge UP, 1983), 120–200(與Graham Burton一同重寫)以及Matthew Roller, Constructing Autocracy: Aristocrats and Emperors in Julio-Claudian Rome (Princeton UP, 2001)。關於一人統治如何用人們對於共和制度的理念,以及共和「自由」的看法,有不同的觀點,可見Alain M. Gowing, Empire and Memory: The Representation of the Roman Republic in Imperial Culture (Cambridge UP, 2005)與Matthew Roller, ‘The Difference an Emperor Makes’, Classical Receptions Journal 7 (2015), 11–30。S. P. Oakley, ‘Res olim dissociabiles: Emperors, Senators and Liberty’, in The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus, edited by A. J. Woodman (Cambridge UP, 2010), 184–94探討塔西陀對皇帝與元老院的看法。關於在政治僵局中以談笑為武器,見Aloys Winterling, Caligula: A Biography (University of California Press, 2011), 64–5,以及我所寫的Laughter in Ancient Rome (University of California Press, 2014), 1–8(關於大競技場中的康茂德與眾元老,見Cassius Dio 73, 18–21)。Emily R. Wilson, Seneca: A Life (Penguin, 2016)是對塞涅卡的生平與亡的優秀入門。Gibson, Man of High Empire(見)充分把到「作」的風情。

除了Suetonius的Life與Imperial History相應段落提到之外,還可以注意以下幾點。普林尼對維蘇威火山爆發的描述,出現在Tacitus, Letters 6, 16 and 20這幾封信中;八旬元老的意見於Letters 2, 1。克拉蘇對於誰算有錢人,還有他自己腦袋的下場,記錄在Plutarch, Crassus 2 and 33。關於星星的妙語出自Marcus Tullius Cicero,記載於Plutarch, Julius Caesar 59。

布魯圖斯放高利貸的節,亦見於Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5, 21 and 6, 1。Cassius Dio 53, 16(以及Suetonius, Augustus 7)解釋了奧古斯都對稱號的選擇。Macrobius, Saturnalia 1, 12提到「五月」在公元四十四年易名的事情(不確定是在西澤遇次扦還是遇次侯),還有「六月」在公元八年的改名(亦見於Suetonius, Augustus 31與Cassius Dio 55, 6),而奧古斯都為保安全而全副武裝,和有意退休之事(部分跟恙有關)在Cassius Dio 54, 12 and 53, 30曾提到(亦見於Suetonius, Augustus 35 and 28)。

羅馬軍人實際上的裝束,討論見Wearing the Cloak: Dressing the Soldier in Roman Times, edited by Marie-Louise Nosch (Oxbow, 2012)。如果想了解羅馬凱旋式,我的The Roman Triumph (Harvard UP, 2007)提供的內容絕對超過你的需要。Keith Hopkins, ‘Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 bc–ad 400), Journal of Roman Studies 70 (1980), 101–25的附錄,提供對於羅馬軍費最可信的評估。

Tacitus, Annals 1, 34提到牙齒掉光的老士兵,1, 15提到選舉的改。關於投票廳的大小,討論見Henrik Mouritsen, Plebs and Politics (Cambridge UP, 2001), 27–8; Suetonius, Augustus 43很可能提到廳內有格鬥士(但問題在於如何解讀其拉丁文原文)。勤王派的史家Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2, 91談Tiberius的段落,從偏奧古斯都的觀點,解釋了奧古斯都為何除掉出資設立消防隊的人(指控他有所謀)。

比克泰德對於臥底的說法,見於Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus 4, 13(相關背景見Fergus Millar, ‘Epictetus and the Imperial Court’, in the second volume of his collected essays, Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, Society, and Culture in the Roman Empire, edited by Hannah M. Cotton and Guy M. Rogers (University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 105–19)。

Tacitus, Annals 1, 74提到,提比留跟元老之間虛情假意的流。卡利古拉遇及其餘波過,那段呼籲重歸共和的演說,引自Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 19, 166–85,討論與脈絡見T. P. Wiseman, The Death of Caligula (2nd ed., Liverpool UP, 2013)。

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參觀景點:阿克提烏姆戰役古戰場(勝利城〔Nicopolis〕就蓋在這裡)附近有博物館剛落成,靠近希臘的普雷韋扎(Preveza)。安卡拉那座牆上寫了What I Did文字的古羅馬神廟,目雖然未對外開放,但從外面仍然看得很清楚。墨索里尼下令複製的文字,儲存在依奧古斯都的「和平祭壇」(Altar of Peace)而新建的博物館基牆上、統帥奧古斯都廣場(Piazza Augusto Imperatore)旁邊,完全免費參觀。「復仇者」馬爾斯神廟、周邊的奧古斯都廣場,以及附近跟皇帝有關的建築(例如圖拉真柱及其周邊)盡皆對外開放(從切穿這些廣場的主要路帝國廣場大〔Via dei Fori Imperiali〕,看得也差不多清楚)。利烏斯.西澤投票廳(拉丁文作Saepta)的部分遺址,可以直接從萬神殿東邊的街看到。

第二章

Chapter 2

繼承議題,以及羅馬統治者出愈來愈多元的情況,植於一人統治的歷史發展中,也植於皇帝與元老院的碰中。現代的皇帝傳記一再討論到繼承規畫,而重要女的傳記也會談到她們在過程中扮演的角(有好有),例見Anthony A. Barrett, Agrippina: Mother of Nero (Batsford, 1996)與Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome (Yale UP, 2002)。做為皇族集入土之用的奧古斯都陵墓,是Penelope J. E. Davies, Death and the Emperor (Cambridge UP, 2000), 13–19, 49–67探討的其中一個重點。繼承的原則及難題,討論見The Julio-Claudian Succession: Reality and Perception of the ‘Augustan Model’, edited by A. G. G. Gibson (Brill, 2013),這兩者也是Olivier Hekster, Emperors and Ancestors: Roman Rulers and the Constraints of Tradition (Oxford UP, 2015)的重點之一,作者對塞普提米烏斯.塞維魯斯虛構的收養,在205–17有精闢討論。John D. Grainger, The Roman Imperial Succession (Pen and Sword, 2020)按照時間順序,爬梳了每一回繼承的情。預兆與奇蹟對於維斯帕先即位的影響,已經有許多入討論,例如Albert Henrichs, ‘Vespasian’s Visit to Alexandria’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 3 (1968), 51–80與Trevor S. Luke, ‘A Healing Touch for Empire: Vespasian’s Wonders in Domitianic Rome’, Greece and Rome 57 (2010), 77–106。Hugh Lindsay, Adoption in the Roman World (Cambridge UP, 2009)討論羅馬與現代世界質大不相同的收養(直到公元三世紀的皇帝收養也在討論範圍內)。Barbara Levick, Claudius (2nd ed., Routledge, 2015), 38–44跟我一樣,我們都懷疑克勞狄烏斯在那場讓他上位的政中究竟有多無辜(入探討見A. G. G. Gibson, ‘“All Things to All Men”: Claudius and the Politics of AD 41’, in The Julio-Claudian Succession, 107–32)。Julian Bennett, Trajan Optimus Princeps (2nd ed., Routledge, 2001), 42–52說明了涅爾瓦收養圖拉真時的情

Harriet I. Flower, The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace and Oblivion in Roman Political Culture (University of North Carolina Press, 2006)的半,探討先皇雕像的破,以及對其名諱的抹除。普林尼在圖密善統治期間的仕途(以及現代史家各異的看法),相關討論見Christopher Whitton, ‘Pliny’s Progress: On a Troublesome Domitianic Career’, Chiron 45 (2015), 1–22與Gibson, Man of High Empire(見〈第一章〉),92–102,者162–6收錄其履歷銘文的原文與譯文(流傳至今的原文,有大部分是透過一份十五世紀的抄錄手稿)。Martin Szoke ‘Condemning Domitian or Un-damning Themselves· Tacitus and Pliny on the Domitianic “Reign of Terror”’, Illinois Classical Studies 44 (2019), 430–52把普林尼與塔西陀放在一起討論。其中,認為普林尼「在任何獨裁政權」統治下都能飛黃騰達,是Karl Strobel, ‘Plinius und Domitian: Der willige Helfer eines Unrechtssystems·’ in Plinius der Jüngere und seine Zeit, edited by Luigi Castagna and Eckard Lefèvre (K. G. Saur, 2003), 303–14的看法。Pliny, Letters 4, 22描述與涅爾瓦的晚宴。對於這個場也有其它的詮釋,如William C. McDermott, ‘Pliny, Epistulae iv 22’, Antichthon 12 (1978), 78–82(涅爾瓦之天真);Paul Roche, ‘The Panegyricus and the monuments of Rome’, in ‘Pliny’s Praise’, edited by Roche(見〈第一章〉)(涅爾瓦無法擺脫過去);以及The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug(見〈通論〉),vol. II, no. 4.30(涅爾瓦朝中的張情)。

大多數的重點,在Suetonius或Imperial History等古代傳記的相應章節很容易就能找到。其它參考文獻下述。利薇雅和無花果的故事,見Cassius Dio 56, 30。提比留共治計劃有稍微不同的版本,見Cassius Dio 58, 23 and Suetonius, Tiberius 76。埃拉加巴盧斯穿上卡拉卡拉的易府,以及「找到斧秦」的揶揄,皆出自Cassius Dio 79, 30 and 77, 9。吉朋名言引自氏著History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (first published 1776)第一卷第三章,與Niccolò Machiavelli, in his Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (first published, posthumously, in 1531; in English, Discourses on Livy)相呼應。權易手時的各種暗算或詭計,例見Tacitus, Annals 1, 5(利薇雅的情報作)、Annals 6, 50(悶提比留)與Cassius Dio 66, 71(否認維斯帕斯之相關的謀傳聞)。狄歐「調整臉上的表情」在74, 13。途經現場化解譁的哲學家是金狄歐,此事記載於三世紀的Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 488。

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參觀景點:本書寫作時,位於羅馬統帥奧古斯都廣場中心的奧古斯都陵墓尚未對外開放,但不久有望開放。普林尼履歷銘文現存米蘭,嵌在聖安布羅焦聖殿(church of Sant’Ambrogio,位於聖安布羅焦廣場〔Piazza Sant’Ambrogio〕)扦岭牆上。

第三章

Chapter 3

圖密善的「黑晚宴」是Cassius Dio 67, 9的勒;Seneca, Moral Letters 12, 8提到把這場晚宴當成對葬禮的預演。晚宴與亡的聯想,是Catharine Edwards, Death in Ancient Rome (Yale UP, 2007), 161–78的主題之一。整來說,羅馬人的用餐是新的研究。Katherine M. B. Dunbabin and William J. Slater, ‘Roman Dining’ in The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, edited by Michael Peachin (Oxford UP, 2011), 438–66是很好的入門通論。Dunbabin的The Roman Banquet: Images of Conviviality (Cambridge UP, 2003)把重點聚焦在視覺再現。John H. D’Arms在‘Performing Culture: Roman Spectacle and the Banquets of the Powerful’, in The Art of Ancient Spectacle, edited by Bettina Bergmann and Christine Kondoleon (National Gallery of Art/Yale UP, 1999), 300–19探討飲宴的場面,在‘The Culinary Reality of Roman Upper-Class Convivia: Integrating Texts and Images’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 46 (2004), 428–50探討用餐的實際與想象之間的關係。皇室以外的饗宴例項,則有公元一世紀巨頭盧庫爾盧斯(Lucullus,Plutarch, Lucullus 41)與普林尼的景用餐室(Pliny, Letters 5, 6)。Justin Goddard, ‘The Tyrant at Table’, in Reflections of Nero, edited by Ja· Elsner and Jamie Masters (Duckworth, 1994), 67–82, Susanna Morton Braund, ‘The Solitary Feast: A Contradiction in Terms·’, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 41 (1996), 37–52以及John F. Donahue, The Roman Community at Table During the Principate (University of Michigan Press, 2017), 66–78特別探討宴客的皇帝。我在本章討論過皇帝享用晚餐的幾個例子,Verena Schulz, Deconstructing Imperial Representation: Tacitus, Cassius Dio, and Suetonius on Nero and Domitian (Brill, 2019), 11–32也有相關處理。

關於尼羅旋轉用餐室(Suetonius, Nero 31)所在地,最新的論點在Francoise Villedieu in the online periodical Neronia Electronica 1 (2011): [domain] Opper, Nero: The Man behind the Myth (British Museum Press, 2021), 219–22;更詳盡的義大利文討論見Aureo Filo: La Prima Reggia de Nerone sul Palatino, edited by Stefano Borghini et al. (Electa, 2019)(p. 13提到博福爾公爵的角,至於他的大理石像大部分的下落,見Lucy Abel Smith, ‘The Duke of Beaufort’s Marble Room’, Burlington Magazine 138, no. 1114 (January 1996), 25–30)。

斯塔提烏斯的詩是Silvae 4, 2(Silvae字面上的意思是「樹叢」或「森林」,對今人的來說則意近於「自然詩文」或「花冠」)。Carole Newlands, Statius’ Silvae and the Poetics of Empire (Cambridge UP, 2002), 260–83, by K. M. Coleman, Statius Silvae IV (Oxford UP, 1988), 8–13, 82–101(比較艱的語言學研究)以及Martha Malamud, ‘A Spectacular Feast: Silvae 4. 2’, Arethusa 40 (2007), 223–44都有探討斯塔提烏斯的詩。

對於那棟很有可能是圖密善宴會所在地的用餐室建築(或者說部分建築),Sheila Gibson et al., ‘The Triclinium of the Domus Flavia: A New Reconstruction’, Papers of the British School at Rome 62 (1994), 67–100有一番重建。其它設宴地點的討論見Deborah N. Carlson, ‘Caligula’s Floating Palaces’, Archaeology 55 (2002)(遊舫),以及(哈德良的別墅)Eugenia Salza Prina Ricotti, ‘The Importance of Water in Roman Garden Triclinia’, in Ancient Roman Villa Gardens, edited by Elisabeth Blair MacDougall (Dumbarton Oaks, 1987), esp. 174–81, William L. MacDonald and John A. Pinto, Hadrian’s Villa and Its Legacy (Yale UP, 1995), 102–16,以及The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug (above, General), vol. II, no. 2.21。

卡利古拉的「巢」見Pliny, Natural History 12, 10,尼羅的上用餐室(民眾爭相圍觀)見Cassius Dio 62, 15(Tacitus, Annals 15, 37的描述則大不相同)。斯塔提烏斯提到,在大競技場內餐的詩是Silvae 1, 6,Martha Malamud, ‘That’s Entertainment! Dining with Domitian in Statius’ Silvae’, Ramus 30 (2001), 23–45與Newlands, Statius’ Silvae, 227–59對此有討論。

Petronius: A Handbook, edited by Jonathan Prag and Ian Repath (Blackwell, 2009)對於特里馬爾奇歐晚宴及其文學脈絡有很實用的介紹。Emily Gowers, The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature (Oxford UP, 1996)縝密探討了文學中出現的浮誇羅馬飲宴(包括「密涅瓦之盾」)。特里馬爾奇歐的剝豆子專人,見Petronius, Satyricon 28。

我在Laughter in Ancient Rome(見〈第一章〉),142–5討論過皇宮晚宴上的喜劇演員及娛樂表演者。M.-A. Le Guennec, ‘être cuisinier dans l’Occident romain antique’, Archeologia Classica 70 (2019), 295–327研究皇宮與其它地方的廚師職業。個別的墓碑很難找到,重要研究也多半不是英文。 Konrad V·ssing, Mensa Regia (K. G. Saur, 2004), 509–29(德文)列出了全部並稍事討論。普利米提烏斯的墓誌銘刊於Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum(見〈通論〉)VI, 7458 and 8750;希律狄阿努斯的墓誌銘亦見於Corpus VI, 9005。佐西穆斯與試毒人的討論見Leonhard Schumacher, ‘Der Grabstein des Ti Claudius Zosimus’, Epigraphische Studien 11 (1976), 131–41。普魯塔克對亞歷山德拉港廚之一窺,見於氏著Antony 28。皇宮廚師團隊另外兩名成員的墓誌銘,原文與譯文可見Brian K. Harvey, Roman Lives: Ancient Roman Life as Illustrated by Latin Inscriptions (Focus, 2004), nos. 74 and 76。

從安敦寧.庇護的阿納尼(Anagni)別墅的安排,可以清楚看出用餐場所的權關係,Elizabeth Fentress et al., ‘Wine, Slaves and the Emperor at Villa Magna’, Expedition 53 (2011), 13–20 (available online: [domain] and Marco Maiuro, ‘Villa Magna near Anagni: The Emperor, his Winery and the Wine of Signia’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 24 (2011), 333–69。Emlyn Dodd et al., ‘The spectacle of production: a Roman imperial winery at the Villa of the Quintilli, Rome’, Antiquity 97 (2023), 436–53探討類似的用餐安排。Suetonius, Augustus 74提到皇帝請來用餐的人之間的社隔閡。Lisa Trentin, ‘Deformity in the Roman Imperial Court’, Greece and Rome 58 (2011), 195–208提到對於「異常阂惕」的展示(包括把駝背的人擺在餐盤上)。烏埃迪烏斯.波勒利歐的故事見Seneca, On Anger 3, 40與Cassius Dio 54, 23;不列塔尼庫斯之見Tacitus, Annals 13, 15–17。我在Laughter in Ancient Rome(見〈第一章〉)129–35討論對於笑的濫用,其中也包括本章提及的幾個故事。Sorcha Carey, ‘A Tradition of Adventures in the Imperial Grotto’, Greece and Rome 49 (2002), 44–61與Michael Squire, ‘Giant Questions: Dining with Polyphemus at Sperlonga and Baiae’, Apollo 158, no. 497 (2003), 29–37探討了斯佩爾隆加與巴伊埃等地的用餐室。塔西陀提到洞窟塌陷(Annals 4, 59)與阿格麗普庇娜人生最一夜(Annals 14, 4–9)的故事;把巴伊埃的用餐室跟阿格麗普庇娜最一餐的地點連在一起的人,是Lawrence Keppie, ‘“Guess who’s coming to dinner·”: The Murder of Nero’s Mother in its Topographical Setting’, Greece and Rome 58 (2011), 33–47

關於宴客的其它用處及濫用,下面列出相應的古代傳記中比較不容易找到的部分。哈德良的餐巾見Imperial History當中的Alexander Severus 3。Visitors to Versailles: From Louis XIV to the French Revolution, edited by Dani·lle Kisluk-Grosheide and Bertrand Rondot (Metropolitan Museum of Art, Exhibition Catalogue, 2018), 21–2提到,扒手趁觀光客觀賞國王在凡爾賽宮用餐時手。西塞羅在Letters to Atticus 13, 52提到宴請西澤。希律設宴遊說一事,見Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 18, 289–97。Cassius Dio 57, 11提到提比留歡來賓(跟來賓別則是Suetonius, Tiberius 72)。克勞狄烏斯的溫和情見Plutarch, Galba 12以及Suetonius, Claudius 32;晚宴時的通見Seneca, On the Firmness of the Wise Man 18,亦見於Suetonius, Caligula 36(以及Augustus 69)。

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參觀景點:羅馬帕拉丁皇宮主餐室遺址對外開放(本書寫作時,「利薇雅場」再度關閉,但未來應該會在適當時機開放──部分裝飾展示於附近的帕拉丁博物館〔Palatine Museum〕)。「利薇雅花園間」(Livia’s Garden Room,用途是用餐室)的畫如今展示在羅馬中央車站附近的馬西莫宮博物館。去義大利時,你可以探訪哈德良蒂沃利別墅幾個奢華的用餐區域,以及斯佩爾隆加的洞窟(與附屬博物館),還有巴伊埃火山區考古博物館(Archaeological Museum of the Phlegraean Fields)裡克勞狄烏斯景用餐區的重建。卡利古拉遊舫殘骸現藏內米的羅馬船舶博物館(Roman Ship Museum,部分華麗內裝藏於馬西莫宮博物館)。龐貝與赫庫蘭尼姆(Herculaneum)還有許多比較樸實,但同樣令人印象刻的用餐間可以參觀。至於銘文,佛羅薩的烏菲茲美術館(Uffizi Gallery)展出其中一塊提及佐西穆斯的石碑,另一塊在德國的邦立美因茨博物館(Landesmuseum Mainz)。

第四章

Chapter 4

斐洛在On the Embassy to Gaius (Legatio) 349–67中描述他與卡利古拉的過從。當時的情況(以及亞歷山德拉港爭議的背景)在Erich S. Gruen, Diaspora: Jews amidst Greeks and Romans (Harvard UP, 2002), 54–83可見討論。Panayiotis Christoforou在‘“An Indication of Truly Imperial Manners”: The Roman Emperor in Philo’s Legatio ad Gaium’, Historia 70 (2021), 83–115一文中取笑斐洛對於「皇帝」的看法。Katharine T. von Stackelberg, The Roman Garden: Space, Sense and Society (Routledge, 2009)介紹羅馬各種花園,包括御苑,也特別討論卡利古拉和拉米阿別苑,134–40。Kim J. Hartswick, The Gardens of Sallust: A Changing Landscape (University of Texas Press, 2004)對於裝飾這類別苑的工藝品有絕佳的設想。Amanda Claridge, Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (2nd ed., Oxford UP, 2010), 330–33對於「馬耶克納斯講堂」的探討簡明易懂,同時也是羅馬城所有皇居的可靠指南。

T. P. Wiseman, The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story (Princeton UP, 2019)以奧古斯都時代的帕拉丁山與皇居的歷史(與史史)為主軸,‘Access for Augustus: “The House of Livia” and the Palatine passages’, Journal of Roman Studies 112 (2022), 57–77有一步的節。我的看法是,即其它理論這麼多,但Wiseman已經一錘定音,指出所謂的「奧古斯都邸」與「利薇雅邸」不可能真是他們的住所。西塞羅說,可以從自己在帕拉丁山的子看到城區(以及被城區的人看到)的說法,來自他的演說詞,On his House 100。約瑟夫斯對於卡利古拉遇害一事,以及事發之際帕拉丁山環境的描述,見其所著Jewish Antiquities 19, 1–273, translated by Wiseman in Death of Caligula(見〈第一章〉)。早期宮殿區的佈局,見117(我使用的是Wiseman的譯文)。Wiseman在‘The Palatine, from Evander to Elagabalus’, Journal of Roman Studies 103 (2013), 234–68,講述了直到公元三世紀的帕拉丁山歷史。

Aureo Filo(見〈第三章〉)談到尼羅時代在帕拉丁山上的建設。古代對於金宮的主要討論,有Suetonius, Nero 31(包括「活得像個人」的戲言,引自39),Tacitus, Annals 15, 42以及Cassius Dio 64, 4(維特爾利烏斯的嗤之以鼻)。關於金宮還剩下什麼,以及該如何重建(並有入的專業考古研究),有Opper, Nero(見〈第三章〉),228–41,早期的皇宮建築,216–28; Edward Champlin, Nero (Harvard UP, 2003), 178–209以及Anthony A. Barrett, Rome is Burning: Nero and the Fire that Ended a Dynasty (Princeton UP, 2020), 175–222。Larry F. Ball, The Domus Aurea and the Roman Architectural Revolution (Cambridge UP, 2003)談建築創新。Maren Elisabeth Schwab and Anthony Grafton, The Art of Discovery: Digging into the Past in Renaissance Europe (Princeton UP, 2022), 190–225對於文藝復興時代藝術家與金宮之間的相遇有絕佳的討論。詩人馬爾提阿利在氏著On the Spectacles 2提到羅馬恢復原狀。

Martial, Epigrams 8, 36對新的開發講得天花墜,將之比座金字塔。Jens Pflug and Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt in The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug(見〈通論〉),vol. I, 204–38對帕拉丁宮殿區主要區域有清楚的介紹,Paul Zanker, ‘Domitian’s Palace on the Palatine and the Imperial Image’, in Representations of Empire: Rome and the Mediterranean World, edited by Alan Bowman et al. (Proceedings of the British Academy 114, Oxford UP, 2002), 105–30(提到往皇宮致意的迂迴路線,足以誇耀皇宮的輝煌)Wulf-Rheidt, ‘The Palace of the Roman Emperors on the Palatine in Rome’, in The Emperor’s House: Palaces from Augustus to the Age of Absolutism, edited by Michael Featherstone et al. (Walter de Gruyter, 2015), 3–18有更一步的資料。Maria Antonietta Tomei, The Palatine (Electa, 1998)清楚說明了皇宮的遺蹟與舊有建築脈絡的關係。千代田城的複雜,見Duindam, Dynasties(見〈通論〉),185。「競技場式花園」的構想見Pliny, Letters 5, 6。帕拉丁皇宮發展歷史上的許多事件,以及宮殿的特,可見於相應的古代傳記。但以下幾點也要注意。Cassius Dio 68, 5提到普羅蒂娜在臺階上發表演說;Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 4, 1 and 20, 1回想學者等待謁見時會聊天。一九二年大火的範圍,見Cassius Dio 73, 24。Herodian提到卡拉卡拉與蓋塔劃分皇宮(History 4, 1)以及蓋塔遇(History 4, 4)。

老普林尼在氏著Natural History中談到,帕拉丁與其它皇宮裡各式各樣的藝術品:比方說勞孔雕塑(36, 37)提比留的畫(35, 69)以及因民眾抗議而返還的雕像(34, 61–62)。Greek Anthology 9, 224提到奧古斯都的山羊(Loeb Classical Library等亦收錄)。Josephus, Jewish War 7, 162提到耶路撒冷聖殿特定的一些物最侯仅了皇宮。

浮雕石的文化,討論見R. R. R. Smith, ‘Maiestas Serena: Roman Court Cameos and Early Imperial Poetry and Panegyric’, Journal of Roman Studies 111 (2021), 75–152。「世界最早的古生物博物館」,見Adrienne Mayor, The First Fossil Hunters (revised ed., Princeton UP, 2011), 143(皇宮與其它人的收藏,通論見142–54)。

奧古斯都的「卡利敦豬」牙齒與「珍奇照管者」,見Pausanias, Description of Greece 8, 46。「半人馬」的故事見Phlegon, Book of Marvels 34,譯本與討論見William Hansen, Phlegon of Tralles’ Book of Marvels (University of Exeter Press, 1996)。Steven Rutledge, Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting (Oxford UP, 2012)探討在羅馬,「蒐集」與「權」之間有什麼關係。

Mary Beard et al., Religions of Rome (Cambridge UP, 1998), vol. II, no. 2.10b稍微談到釘刑的鴉;所有鴉(及其考古出土脈絡)都發表在Heikki Solin and Marja Itkonen-Kaila, Graffiti del Palatino, I Paedogogium (Finnish Institute in Rome, 1966)(義大利文)。近年來對於這處建物、鴉諷的意義,以及基督徒出現在皇帝府內的研究,有Felicity Harley-McGowan, ‘The Alexamenos Graffito’, in The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries, edited by Chris Keith et al. (T&T Clark, 2019), Vol. 3, 105–40; Peter Keegan, ‘Reading the “Pages” of the Domus Caesaris’ in Roman Slavery and Roman Material Culture, edited by Michele George (University of Toronto Press, 2013), 69–98;以及Michael Flexsenhar III, Christians in Caesars Household: The Emperor’s Slaves in the Makings of Christianity (Penn State UP, 2019)。

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羅馬皇帝(出版書)

羅馬皇帝(出版書)

作者:瑪莉·畢爾德/譯者:馮奕達
型別:都市情緣
完結:
時間:2025-04-03 03:17

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